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|country}} |motives=Cultural and political rights for the Kurdish population in Turkey. |area=Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Western Europe |ideology=Democratic confederalism Communalism〔 |attacks=1984 PKK attacks May 24, 1993 PKK ambush 2011 Hakkâri attack |status=Fights against ISIS.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead )〕 Ceasefire with Turkey since 21 March 2013, participating in ongoing peace process. |size=over 15,000 active fighters (2014 Turkish claim)〔TCA , 15 November 2007〕 |website=}} The Kurdistan Workers' Party ((クルド語:Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê), ''PKK'') is a left-wing militant organization based in Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. It is considered the world's most powerful millitant Kurdish organization. Since 1984 the PKK has waged an armed struggle against the Turkish state for cultural and political rights and self-determination for the Kurds in Turkey,〔 who comprise between 18% and 25% of the population and have been subjected to repression for decades.〔("The World Factbook: Turkey" )〕 The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near Lice) by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of revolutionary socialism and Kurdish nationalism, seeking the foundation of an independent, Marxist–Leninist state in the region, which was to be known as Kurdistan. However, since his capture and imprisonment in 1999, the leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan, has completely abandoned Marxism–Leninism,〔Abdullah Öcalan, "Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation", 2007, Pluto Press. (p. 243-277)〕 leading the party to adopt his new political platform of "Democratic Confederalism" (influenced strongly by the libertarian socialist philosophy of communalism) while ceasing its official calls for the establishment of a fully independent country. In May 2007, former members of the PKK helped form the KCK, an umbrella organisation of Kurds from Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. On 20 March 2005,〔See an unofficial translation (Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan )〕 Öcalan described the need for a democratic confederalism and went on to say: : The democratic confederalism of Kurdistan is not a State system, it is the democratic system of a people without a State... It takes its power from the people and adopts to reach self-sufficiency in every field including the economy. In 2013, the PKK declared a ceasefire agreement and began slowly withdrawing its fighters to the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq as part of the so-called "solution process" between the Turkish state and the long-disenfranchised Kurdish minority. The name PKK is usually used interchangeably for the name of its armed wing, the People's Defence Force (HPG), which was formerly called the Kurdistan National Liberty Army (ARGK).〔(Terrorist Organization Profile – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism ). Start.umd.edu. Retrieved on 15 July 2013〕 The PKK is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by several states and organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union. However, countries such as India, China, Russia, Switzerland and Egypt have not designated the PKK as a terrorist organization.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rus Aydın: PKK Terör Örgütü Çıkmaza Girdi )〕〔List of designated terrorist organizations〕 Also, the United Nations has not listed the PKK as a terrorist organization. ==History== (詳細はAbdullah Öcalan ("Apo") in Ankara. The group soon shifted its focus to the large Kurdish population in south-east Turkey. A meeting on 25 November 1978, in a tea house near Diyarbakır is considered the founding meeting. On 27 November 1978, the group adopted the name ''Kurdistan Workers' Party''. Espousing a radical left, Marxist ideology, the group took part in violent conflicts with right-wing entities as a part of the political chaos in Turkey at the time. In 1979, as an act of "propaganda of the deed," the group tried to assassinate the Kurdish tribal leader Mehmet Celal Bucak. They claimed that he exploited the peasants, and collaborated with Turkey. This marked a period of intense urban warfare among other radical political elements. The 1980 Turkish coup d'état pushed the organization to another stage, with members (such as Sakine Cansız, one of the co-founders〔) being executed, doing jail time, being subject to capital punishment, or fleeing to Syria. On 10 November 1980, the PKK bombed the Turkish Consulate in Strasbourg, France in a joint operation with the Armenian radical group ASALA, which they claimed as the beginning of a "fruitful collaboration." Starting in 1984, the PKK transformed into a paramilitary group, using training camps located in France. It launched attacks and bombings against governmental installations, the military, and various "institutions of the state" — some of which were connected to the Southeastern Anatolia Project. The PKK became less centralized, taking up operations in a variety of European and Middle Eastern countries, especially Germany and France. The PKK has attacked military targets in Turkey.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2011/06/22/pariste-sabaha-pkk-saldirisi )〕 Beginning with the mid-1990s, the organization lost the upper hand in its operations as a consequence of a change of tactics by Turkey and Syria's steady abandonment of support for the group. From 1996 to 1999, it also conducted a series of 14 suicide bombings, 10 of which were carried out by women. In the late 1990s, Turkey increased the pressure and the undeclared war between Turkey and Syria ended open Syrian support. In 1999, Öcalan was captured, prosecuted and sentenced to death, but this was later commuted to life imprisonment as part of the government's seeking European Union membership.〔UNESCO. 2002. "(Death penalty abolished in Turkey )". The new Courier n°1.〕 With reduced security concerns, the Turkish parliament began a controlled process of dismantling the legal control, using the term "normalization" or "rapprochement," depending on the sides of the issue. It partially relaxed the bans on broadcasting and publishing in the Kurdish language – although significant barriers remained. At the same time, the PKK was blacklisted in many countries. On 2 April 2004, the Council of the European Union added the PKK to its list of terrorist organizations. Later that year, the US Treasury moved to freeze assets of branches of the organization. The PKK went through a series of changes, and in 2003 it ended the unilateral truce declared when Öcalan was captured. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kurdistan Workers' Party」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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